Advances, Systems and Applications
Table 1 Context-aware citizen services framework for smart cities
From: A framework for cloud-based context-aware information services for citizens in smart cities
Components orProcedures | Description (e.g. What?) | Goals/Objectives (e.g. Why?) | Operationalisation (e.g. How?) | Stakeholders (e.g. Who?) | Usefulness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Process Models | |||||
Data Processes | Processes related to datacollection & acquisition,cleansing and filtering,harmonisation and integration | To ensure high quality raw datais collected and transformedinto application specific targetdata model | Apache Solr, AppacheCassandra, (Geo-)SPARQL andRDF query languages, ISO19100 series of standards, OGCPUCK protocol, OpenGISSimple Feature Implementation specs (CORBA, OLE/COM) | Data custodians e.g. cityadministrations, local agenciesincluding security, environment, energy, transport, andeconomic development, officeof national statistics, Eurostat,etc. Business organisations e.g. insurance companies,utility services etc. GeneralPublic e.g. citizens, NGOs | Refinement of data andusability for variety ofapplications to getcross-disciplinaryinformation intelligence |
Service Processes | Process related to thematicservice discovery, servicechaining and/or workflowcomposition | To discover and connect withrequired utility services | UDDI, (CSW-)ebRIM, OGC OWSstandards - WCS (metadatadiscovery), CSW (discovery),WMS (view), WFS (download),GeoAPI | Service consumers e.g. business organisations, public administrations, general public, etc. Service producers e.g. IT research industry, SMEs, statistical and IT experts etc | Service oriented approachsupports process agility byusing service plug-n-playfeature |
Analytical Processes | Analysis algorithms, statisticalmodels, reasoning | To identify and use existingand new algorithms (machinelearning, data mining etc) andmodels to analyse applicationspecific data and generaterequired output | Hadoop MapReduce,RapidMiner, R, OGC WPS | Â | Knowledge generation cansupport decision making |
Security Processes | Authorisation, Anonymity,Encryption | To ensure that properinformation securitymeasures are applied | ISO/IEC 10181-4:1997 - Security Framework for Open System, GeoXACML | Cyber security providers e.g.SMEs. Beneficiers e.g. generalpublic. | Provides increased privacy andestabilishes trust on the system |
User InteractionProcesses | Visualisation, Simulation,Interactivity | To facilitate end users byproviding intuitive GUI tointeract with applications | Lynx Browser, OGC OpenLS,OGC Web 3D Service, WMS,OpenGIS SLD, OGC WMTS | Social scientists, e.g. expertsin socio-technical aspects.SMEs e.g. IT developers, etc..End users e.g. general public,etc. | Increases application usabilityand intuitiveness |
Resource managementProcesses | Resource utilisation,virtualisation, performanceand reliability | To ensure that systemresources are utilised to theirmaximum potential | Public, private and hybridcloud infrastructure e.g. IBMSmart City Control Centre | IT Administrators | Results in efficient resourceutilisation that can contributetowards green computing |
Organisational Processes | Business organisation andinstitutional processes | Aligning theinformation processing with businessprocesses | BPMN, BPEL | Organisations e.g. MetOffice, Disaster managementauthority, Tourismdevelopment, Publictransport authority, Energydistributor, etc. | Ability to adopt organisationalprocesses can result wideradoption |
Data Models | |||||
Data Management | Standards and management of data and metadata | Structured (SQL/NoSQL based)and non-structured datamanagement, Relational,Object-oriented, Cube, Spatialdata models, Adoption of dataand metadata standards suchas ISO 19000, Dublin Core etc | OpenGIS specification basedMySQL, NuoDB, Oracle, MS SQLServer, PostgreSQL - PostGIS,Apache Cassandra, CouchDB,MongoDB, SimpleDB,DynamoDB | Data modellers andadministrators e.g. IT experts | Ability to store, retrieve, updateand manage data |
Metadata and Datastructure | Â | Â | Dublin Core, DBLP, OSImetadata standards - 19115,JSON, OGC NetCDF, EOmetadata profile, CityGML,OGC TJS | Data providers andcustodians e.g. cityadministrations, environmentalagencies, office of nationalstatistics, Eurostat, etc. GeneralPublic e.g. citizens. | Increases understanding andpromotes reusability of datamodels |
Contextual Models | |||||
Structuring andProfiling | User profiles and preferences | To structure contextinformation that can bereused for specific users andenvironments | ContextML, OGC Context standard, KML standard, OWL, RDF, OGC Web Map Context Document, Context casting | Social scientists. IT experts. End users e.g. general public, etc. | Personalisation of informationenhances usability |
Context Exchange | Understandable contextdescription for reusabilitypurposes | To enable exchange contextinformation between variousservices and components | Â | Â | Exchanging context betweenvarious services helps toimprove context-awareinformation processing andprovision |
Context Management | Context entity and relationshipmodel | To manage context data modeland associated actions forspecific circumstances andenvironments | Â | Â | Structured management ofcontext models enhancesreusability and improvesapplication performance |
Citizen Participation | |||||
Information provision | Awareness raising, Informationprovision, communication | To provide contextually related information to citizens and enable them to participate in decision making processes | Web 2.0/3.0, WS-Notification | End users e.g. general public, local business organisations, etc. | Contextual information forbetter decisions |
Data collection | Crowd sourcing, Citizenscience, Public participationand engagement | Â | OGC SWE, SOS, SensorML,OpenLS, GeoSMS | Â | Supporting participatorysensing and bottom-updemocracy |
Behavioural Changemodels | Behavioural changes ofindividuals or evolvingbusiness processes | To identify changes inbehaviour of users due toenvironmental awareness | Interventions, policies, StudyProtocol | Â | Healthy and environmentfriendly behaviour change andbetter work productivity |
Application Thematic Models | |||||
Thematic Applications | Environment, Energy, Mobility,Security, Urban etc | To use collected data forspecific application thematicdomains | Â | Application domain experts e.g. energy, transport,planning, health etc. | Application specific as well ascross-disciplinary integratedknowledge generation forbetter environmental andurban planning |
Cyber-space Infrastructure | |||||
Hardware and software | Cloud infrastructure, Sensors,RFIDs, Storage, Processing H/W,IoTs, software frameworks | To apply related hardware andsoftware technologies | OpenStack, Apache Cassandra | IT experts and developers.SMEs e.g. sensors web,wireless ad-hoc networks,cloud infrastructure, serviceprovision etc. | Use of contemporarytechnology for informationmanagement |
Management Aspects | |||||
System Management | Flow of Info, auditing andpricing, security | To ensure that all componentsare well integrated andsupport flow of informationand an appropriate cost modelis developed | WebMethods, Oracle BPMSuite, OpenText | IT Administrators | Enabling sustainable businessmodel |
Service Federation | |||||
System of systems | Application integration | Applying standards and developing wrappers/adaptors to enable flow of information between multiple applications and systems | Corba, Web Services | IT experts and developers. SMEs. Research and Academia, Application domain experts | Enabling inter-cloudinformation and resourceexchange |
Interoperability | Standards, service wrappers | Â | W3C web standards, OASISRM-ODP, OGC services | Â | Â |