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Advances, Systems and Applications

Table 2 Comparing out of gas exception with other exception types in EVM

From: Studying gas exceptions in blockchain-based cloud applications

Exception Type

Occurence

Percentage

   
 

All

External

Ratio

All

External

1) Explicit Revert

     

Require-Style Revert (RR)

14,000,856

11,456,103

1.22

8.12%

64.91%

Assert-Style Revert (AR)

990,183

925,701

1.07

0.57%

5.24%

2) Out of Gas

     

Deploy Out of Gas (DOG)

10,963

10,963

1

0%

0.06%

Execute Out of Gas (EOG)

155,373,273

4,281,071

36.29

90.09%

24.25%

3) Stack Overflow/Underflow

     

Call-Stack Overflow (CSO)

10,032

1,113

9.01

0%

0.01%

Data-Stack Underflow (DSU)

153,445

53,501

2.87

0.09%

0.30%

Data-Stack Overflow (DSO)

152

152

1

0%

0.001%

4) Illegal Instruction

     

Invalid Jump Destination (IJD)

1,341,130

1,306,785

1.03

0.78%

7.40%

Invalid Opcode (IO)

232,226

189,518

1.23

0.13%

1.07%

5) Not Enough Ether

     

Insufficient Balance (IB)

359,822

356,517

1.01

0.21%

2.02%

6) Miscellanea

     

Client Decision, Illegal Write, etc.

1,693

1,692

1.00

0%

0.01%

♢Summary

     

Out of Gas (DOG + EOG)

155,384,236

4,291,945

36.20

90.09%

24.32%

Explicit Revert (RR + AR)

14,991,039

12,137,417

1.24

8.69%

68.77%

Other Exception Types

2,098,500

1,684,217

1.25

1.22%

9.54%

♢Summery (excluding DoS attacks)

Out of Gas (DOG + EOG)

4,666,508

4,233,428

1.10

21.86%

24.10%

Explicit Revert (RR + AR)

14,987,686

12,134,192

1.24

70.20%

69.07%

Other Exception Types

1,696,017

1,654,643

1.03

7.94%

9.42%