Advances, Systems and Applications
From: Studying gas exceptions in blockchain-based cloud applications
Exception Type | Occurence | Percentage | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | External | Ratio | All | External | |
1) Explicit Revert | |||||
Require-Style Revert (RR) | 14,000,856 | 11,456,103 | 1.22 | 8.12% | 64.91% |
Assert-Style Revert (AR) | 990,183 | 925,701 | 1.07 | 0.57% | 5.24% |
2) Out of Gas | |||||
Deploy Out of Gas (DOG) | 10,963 | 10,963 | 1 | 0% | 0.06% |
Execute Out of Gas (EOG) | 155,373,273 | 4,281,071 | 36.29 | 90.09% | 24.25% |
3) Stack Overflow/Underflow | |||||
Call-Stack Overflow (CSO) | 10,032 | 1,113 | 9.01 | 0% | 0.01% |
Data-Stack Underflow (DSU) | 153,445 | 53,501 | 2.87 | 0.09% | 0.30% |
Data-Stack Overflow (DSO) | 152 | 152 | 1 | 0% | 0.001% |
4) Illegal Instruction | |||||
Invalid Jump Destination (IJD) | 1,341,130 | 1,306,785 | 1.03 | 0.78% | 7.40% |
Invalid Opcode (IO) | 232,226 | 189,518 | 1.23 | 0.13% | 1.07% |
5) Not Enough Ether | |||||
Insufficient Balance (IB) | 359,822 | 356,517 | 1.01 | 0.21% | 2.02% |
6) Miscellanea | |||||
Client Decision, Illegal Write, etc. | 1,693 | 1,692 | 1.00 | 0% | 0.01% |
♢Summary | |||||
Out of Gas (DOG + EOG) | 155,384,236 | 4,291,945 | 36.20 | 90.09% | 24.32% |
Explicit Revert (RR + AR) | 14,991,039 | 12,137,417 | 1.24 | 8.69% | 68.77% |
Other Exception Types | 2,098,500 | 1,684,217 | 1.25 | 1.22% | 9.54% |
♢Summery (excluding DoS attacks) | |||||
Out of Gas (DOG + EOG) | 4,666,508 | 4,233,428 | 1.10 | 21.86% | 24.10% |
Explicit Revert (RR + AR) | 14,987,686 | 12,134,192 | 1.24 | 70.20% | 69.07% |
Other Exception Types | 1,696,017 | 1,654,643 | 1.03 | 7.94% | 9.42% |