Table 3 In each iteration I_t, for 1≤t≤12, the oligopolist buys out a cloud provider by offering him a price which is equal to his payoff in the remnant grand coalition. This payoff to a cloud provider is suitably marked in each row of the table. The second column represents the remaining coalition members. The last column labeled \(\widetilde {v}_{{opt}}\) represents the total price offer made by the oligopolist at the end of corresponding iteration. The last row gives the percentage loss of a cloud provider due to the adaptive strategy when compared with the payoff he gets from the non-adaptive strategy

From: Pricing strategies of an oligopolist in federated cloud markets