Journal of Cloud Computing

Advances, Systems and Applications

Table 2 Key features of the publish-subscribe message systems under consideration

From: Performance evaluation of publish-subscribe systems in IoT using energy-efficient and context-aware secure messages

	XMPP	MQTT	AMQP	DDS
Transport protocol	TCP	TCP	TCP	TCP/UDP
QoS support	No	3 levels	3 levels	23 levels
Header size (at least)	Variable (XML tags)	2	8	12*
Security	TLS	TLS	TLS	TLS/DTLS
Encoding format	XML	Binary	Binary	Binary
Low-Power and Lossy networks	Fair	Good	Good	Poor
Standard	IETF	OASIS	OASIS	OMG

*DDS-XRCE

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