Table 2 Research questions

RQ1

Where does the term “multi-cloud”/ “hybrid-cloud” come from?

RQ2

Is there a common understanding of the term “multi-cloud”/ “hybrid-cloud” term?

RQ3

Which are the architectural characteristics of “multi-cloud native”/ “hybrid-cloud native” applications?

RQ3.1

Which architectural patterns have been proposed for multi-cloud native by design?

RQ3.2

Which technologies have been proposed for multi-cloud native by design?

RQ3.3

Which standards have been proposed for multi-cloud native by design?

RQ3.4

Which processes or methodologies have been proposed for multi-cloud native by design?

RQ4

Which are the main challenges for the developers and operators of “multi-cloud native”/” hybrid-cloud native” applications?

RQ4.1

Which are the challenges that the developers of the multi-cloud native application face during the development of the applications?

RQ4.2.

Which are the challenges that the operators of the multi-cloud native application face during the run-time of the applications?

RQ5

Which are the main security threats and countermeasures in “multi-cloud native” applications

RQ6

What promising trends for the design, development, and operation of the “multi-cloud native”/ “hybrid-cloud native” applications can be deduced?