Table 2 Summary of different categories of multipath routing protocols and their issues

Energy-Aware Multipath Routing Protocols

ECNC AODV [32], MBCR [33], MEER [26], MMRE AOMDV [34]

High control overhead and possibility of link failure are the concerns.

Cluster- based Multipath Routing Protocols

CBMRP [27], CBR [35], ES-CMR [28]

Paths are not energy-efficient; error and high overhead while load balancing.

Simple Multipath Routing Protocols

AOMDV [19], SMR [20], EIDM [25], NDMRP [25]

Energy conservation and load balancing not considered.

Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocols

DNDR [29], GMR [30], NDMRP [31], ES-CMR [28]

Energy not considered; scalability is also an issue.